{"id":553,"date":"2025-07-30T15:35:44","date_gmt":"2025-07-30T15:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/?p=553"},"modified":"2025-07-31T01:41:50","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T01:41:50","slug":"cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 hk1 v\u00e0 hk2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 t\u1eeb ba b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay: <a href=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/tong-hop-kien-thuc-hoa-12-canh-dieu-hk1-va-hk2\/\"><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"282\">C\u00e1nh Di\u1ec1u<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/ly-thuyet-hoa-hoc-12-chan-troi-sang-tao\/\"><strong data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"306\">Ch\u00e2n Tr\u1eddi S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/a> v\u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/kien-thuc-trong-tam-hoa-hoc-12-ket-noi-tri-thuc\/\"><strong data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"330\">K\u1ebft N\u1ed1i Tri Th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/a>. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o, n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb \u2013 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u00f4n thi THPT hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 1: ESTER &#8211; LIPID. X\u00c0 PH\u00d2NG V\u00c0 CH\u1ea4T GI\u1eb6T R\u1eecA<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-559 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-2.png\" alt=\"C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nhanh m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12\" width=\"591\" height=\"333\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. ESTER &#8211; LIPID<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Ester:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c -COO- \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa acid carboxylic v\u00e0 alcohol<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: R-COO-R&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng (ester th\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed)<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng tan trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/li>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n acid v\u00e0 alcohol t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng acid: R-COO-R&#8217; + H\u2082O \u2192 R-COOH + R&#8217;-OH<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a (th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m): R-COO-R&#8217; + NaOH \u2192 R-COONa + R&#8217;-OH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> Ethyl acetate (CH\u2083COOC\u2082H\u2085) c\u00f3 m\u00f9i chu\u1ed1i ch\u00edn<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lipid:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tan trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a sinh h\u1ecdc<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (triglyceride), phospholipid, steroid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. X\u00c0 PH\u00d2NG V\u00c0 CH\u1ea4T GI\u1eb6T R\u1eecA<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Mu\u1ed1i natrium ho\u1eb7c kalium c\u1ee7a acid b\u00e9o<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: R-COONa (R l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c hydrocarbon m\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i)<\/li>\n<li>C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda: Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc (-COO\u207bNa\u207a) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc (R-)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m so v\u1edbi x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng: Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a v\u1edbi ion Ca\u00b2\u207a, Mg\u00b2\u207a trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 2: CARBOHYDRATE<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-561 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-3.png\" alt=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 c\u00f3 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda chi ti\u1ebft\" width=\"718\" height=\"398\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. GLUCOSE V\u00c0 FRUCTOSE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Glucose (C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Monosaccharide (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01a1n), l\u00e0 an\u0111ehit polyhidroxy<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea5u tr\u1ea1ng: C\u00f3 4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c: C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 + Ag\u2082O \u2192 C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2087 + 2Ag<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00ean men: C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 \u2192 2C\u2082H\u2085OH + 2CO\u2082<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Fructose (C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Monosaccharide, l\u00e0 ketose (c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m C=O)<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: Ng\u1ecdt h\u01a1n glucose, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c (do chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh glucose)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. SACCHAROSE V\u00c0 MALTOSE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Saccharose (C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2082O\u2081\u2081):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Disaccharide \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb glucose v\u00e0 fructose<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m -CHO t\u1ef1 do)<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n: C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2082O\u2081\u2081 + H\u2082O \u2192 C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 (glucose) + C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086 (fructose)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maltose (C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2082O\u2081\u2081):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Disaccharide \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb 2 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucose<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c (c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m -CHO t\u1ef1 do)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>3. TINH B\u1ed8T V\u00c0 CELLULOSE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Tinh b\u1ed9t (C\u2086H\u2081\u2080O\u2085)\u2099:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Polysaccharide, polymer c\u1ee7a glucose<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: G\u1ed3m amylose (m\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng) v\u00e0 amylopectin (m\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh)<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: V\u1edbi I\u2082 cho m\u00e0u xanh t\u00edm<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n: (C\u2086H\u2081\u2080O\u2085)\u2099 + nH\u2082O \u2192 nC\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cellulose (C\u2086H\u2081\u2080O\u2085)\u2099:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Polysaccharide c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: Kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1ee3i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 3: H\u1ee2P CH\u1ea4T CH\u1ee8A NITROGEN<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-562 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-4.png\" alt=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m\" width=\"582\" height=\"346\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. AMINE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nitrogen li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi carbon<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a NH\u2083<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amine b\u1eadc 1: R-NH\u2082 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: CH\u2083NH\u2082 &#8211; methylamine)<\/li>\n<li>Amine b\u1eadc 2: R-NH-R&#8217; (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: (CH\u2083)\u2082NH &#8211; dimethylamine)<\/li>\n<li>Amine b\u1eadc 3: R-N(R&#8217;)(R&#8221;) (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: (CH\u2083)\u2083N &#8211; trimethylamine)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ednh base y\u1ebfu: R-NH\u2082 + H\u2082O \u21cc R-NH\u2083\u207a + OH\u207b<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi acid: R-NH\u2082 + HCl \u2192 R-NH\u2083\u207aCl\u207b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. AMINO ACID V\u00c0 PEPTIDE<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Amino acid:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00f3m amino (-NH\u2082) v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m carboxyl (-COOH)<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: R-CH(NH\u2082)-COOH<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh: V\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh acid v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh base<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> Glycine: NH\u2082-CH\u2082-COOH<\/p>\n<p><strong>Peptide:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 2 hay nhi\u1ec1u amino acid li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft peptide<\/li>\n<li>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft peptide: -CO-NH-<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: Dipeptide (2 aa), tripeptide (3 aa), polypeptide (nhi\u1ec1u aa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>3. PROTEIN V\u00c0 ENZYME<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Protein:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Polypeptide c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn (&gt;10000)<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: B\u1eadc 1 (tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 aa), b\u1eadc 2 (xo\u1eafn \u03b1, n\u1ebfp \u03b2), b\u1eadc 3 (kh\u00f4ng gian 3D), b\u1eadc 4 (nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed7i)<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a, x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Enzyme:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Protein c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sinh h\u00f3a<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m: T\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u cao, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh l\u00fd<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 4: POLYMER<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-563 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-5.png\" alt=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 s\u00e1ch Ch\u00e2n Tr\u1eddi S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o\" width=\"725\" height=\"304\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. \u0110\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec0 POLYMER<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb monomer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Theo ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c: T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (tinh b\u1ed9t, protein), t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (PE, PVC)<\/li>\n<li>Theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: M\u1ea1ch th\u1eb3ng, m\u1ea1ch nh\u00e1nh, m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng gian<\/li>\n<li>Theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t: Thermoplastic (d\u1ebbo nhi\u1ec7t), thermoset (r\u1eafn nhi\u1ec7t)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p: nCH\u2082=CH\u2082 \u2192 [-CH\u2082-CH\u2082-]\u2099 (polyethylene)<\/li>\n<li>Tr\u00f9ng ng\u01b0ng: nH\u2082N-R-NH\u2082 + nHOOC-R&#8217;-COOH \u2192 [-NH-R-NH-CO-R&#8217;-CO-]\u2099 + 2nH\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. V\u1eacT LI\u1ec6U POLYMER<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo (Plastic):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: PE (t\u00fai nilon), PP (\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc), PVC (\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1ng), PS (h\u1ed9p x\u1ed1p)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb 2 hay nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Fiberglass (s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh + nh\u1ef1a)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 5: PIN \u0110I\u1ec6N V\u00c0 \u0110I\u1ec6N PH\u00c2N<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-564 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-6.png\" alt=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh C\u00e1nh Di\u1ec1u\" width=\"576\" height=\"271\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. TH\u1ebe \u0110I\u1ec6N C\u1ef0C V\u00c0 NGU\u1ed2N \u0110I\u1ec6N H\u00d3A H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n (E\u00b0):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c hydrogen chu\u1ea9n (qui \u01b0\u1edbc = 0V)<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: E\u00b0(Zn\u00b2\u207a\/Zn) = -0.76V, E\u00b0(Cu\u00b2\u207a\/Cu) = +0.34V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pin: Chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: Anod (c\u1ef1c \u00e2m, x\u1ea3y ra oxi h\u00f3a) v\u00e0 catod (c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eed)<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Pin Daniell: Zn + Cu\u00b2\u207a \u2192 Zn\u00b2\u207a + Cu, E\u00b0 = 1.10V<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. \u0110I\u1ec6N PH\u00c2N<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a-kh\u1eed x\u1ea3y ra khi cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u \u0111i qua dung d\u1ecbch \u0111i\u1ec7n ly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anod: X\u1ea3y ra oxi h\u00f3a (nh\u01b0\u1eddng electron)<\/li>\n<li>Catod: X\u1ea3y ra kh\u1eed (nh\u1eadn electron)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n NaCl n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y: 2NaCl \u2192 2Na + Cl\u2082<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Faraday:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m = (A \u00d7 I \u00d7 t)\/(n \u00d7 F)<\/li>\n<li>Trong \u0111\u00f3: m (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng), A (nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i), I (c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n), t (th\u1eddi gian), n (s\u1ed1 electron trao \u0111\u1ed5i), F (h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Faraday = 96500 C\/mol)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 6: \u0110\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec0 KIM LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-565 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-7.png\" alt=\"T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1\" width=\"432\" height=\"198\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. C\u1ea4U T\u1ea0O V\u00c0 T\u00cdNH CH\u1ea4T KIM LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i: L\u1ef1c h\u00fat gi\u1eefa cation kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 &#8220;bi\u1ec3n electron&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3: L\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u1ed1i, l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t, l\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t (do electron t\u1ef1 do)<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim (ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng)<\/li>\n<li>D\u1ebbo, d\u1ec5 k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i, d\u00e1t m\u1ecfng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed: M \u2192 M^n+ + ne\u207b<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi acid: Zn + 2HCl \u2192 ZnCl\u2082 + H\u2082<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc: 2Na + 2H\u2082O \u2192 2NaOH + H\u2082<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P T\u00c1CH KIM LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc:<\/strong> Kh\u1eed ion kim lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n: Fe\u2082O\u2083 + 3CO \u2192 2Fe + 3CO\u2082<\/li>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n: Al\u2082O\u2083 \u2192 2Al + 3\/2 O\u2082<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y luy\u1ec7n: CuO + H\u2082 \u2192 Cu + H\u2082O<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>3. H\u1ee2P KIM V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 \u0102N M\u00d2N KIM LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>H\u1ee3p kim:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c phi kim<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Th\u00e9p (Fe + C), \u0111\u1ed3ng thau (Cu + Zn), inox (Fe + Cr + Ni)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>S\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a kim lo\u1ea1i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ef1 g\u1ec9 s\u1eaft: 4Fe + 3O\u2082 + 6H\u2082O \u2192 4Fe(OH)\u2083<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 7: NGUY\u00caN T\u1ed0 NH\u00d3M IA V\u00c0 IIA<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-566 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-8.png\" alt=\"C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb \u00f4n thi THPT\" width=\"578\" height=\"181\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. NGUY\u00caN T\u1ed0 NH\u00d3M IA (KIM LO\u1ea0I KI\u1ec0M)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron:<\/strong> ns\u00b9 <strong>C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1:<\/strong> Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 1 electron l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng \u2192 d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t 1e\u207b<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh, t\u0103ng t\u1eeb Li \u0111\u1ebfn Cs<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc: 2M + 2H\u2082O \u2192 2MOH + H\u2082<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> NaCl (mu\u1ed1i \u0103n), NaOH (x\u00fat \u0103n da), KNO\u2083 (thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang)<\/p>\n<h3><strong>2. NGUY\u00caN T\u1ed0 NH\u00d3M IIA (KIM LO\u1ea0I KI\u1ec0M TH\u1ed4)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron:<\/strong> ns\u00b2 <strong>C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1:<\/strong> Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 2 electron l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng \u2192 d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t 2e\u207b<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh (y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m IA)<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc (tr\u1eeb Be, Mg): M + 2H\u2082O \u2192 M(OH)\u2082 + H\u2082<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a: N\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u ion Ca\u00b2\u207a, Mg\u00b2\u207a<\/li>\n<li>L\u00e0m m\u1ec1m: D\u00f9ng Na\u2082CO\u2083, Ca(OH)\u2082 ho\u1eb7c resin trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>CH\u01af\u01a0NG 8: KIM LO\u1ea0I CHUY\u1ec2N TI\u1ebeP V\u00c0 PH\u1ee8C CH\u1ea4T<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-567 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/giapsgk-cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12-9.png\" alt=\"C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 theo t\u1eebng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\" width=\"799\" height=\"407\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><strong>1. KIM LO\u1ea0I CHUY\u1ec2N TI\u1ebeP D\u00c3Y TH\u1ee8 NH\u1ea4T<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 electron cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp d <strong>D\u00e3y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Sc \u2192 Zn (Z = 21 \u2192 30)<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chung:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ee9ng, n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y cao<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>2. PH\u1ee8C CH\u1ea4T<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ion trung t\u00e2m (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 cation kim lo\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed (ligand)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ion trung t\u00e2m: Ion kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed: Ion ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 c\u1eb7p electron ch\u01b0a li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/li>\n<li>V\u00ed d\u1ee5: [Cu(NH\u2083)\u2084]\u00b2\u207a, [Fe(CN)\u2086]\u00b3\u207b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ec1n trong dung d\u1ecbch<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-12.pdf\">T\u1ea3i file pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 t\u1eeb ba b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay: C\u00e1nh Di\u1ec1u, Ch\u00e2n Tr\u1eddi S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o v\u00e0 K\u1ebft N\u1ed1i Tri Th\u1ee9c. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o, n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb \u2013 &#8230; <a title=\"L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 hk1 v\u00e0 hk2\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/cac-cong-thuc-hoa-hoc-lop-12\/\" aria-label=\"\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 hk1 v\u00e0 hk2\">\u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":558,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ly-thuyet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=553"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/553\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":571,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/553\/revisions\/571"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/558"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}