{"id":545,"date":"2025-07-30T15:17:47","date_gmt":"2025-07-30T15:17:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/?p=545"},"modified":"2025-07-30T15:22:20","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T15:22:20","slug":"ly-thuyet-hoa-hoc-12-chan-troi-sang-tao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/ly-thuyet-hoa-hoc-12-chan-troi-sang-tao\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (c\u1ea3 n\u0103m)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"764\">L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp 12 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p THPT. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch <strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"633\">H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/strong> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qua c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"1166\">Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 12 theo t\u1eebng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng: t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m. M\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u00fac t\u00edch, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh \u00f4n thi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u1ea9m nang h\u1eefu \u00edch cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng con.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u2013 \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o!<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1: Ester &#8211; Lipid. X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 1: Ester &#8211; Lipid<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ester: L\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa axit cacboxylic v\u00e0 ancol, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t RCOOR&#8217;. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o ester g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng este h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<li>Lipid: L\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f3 tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tan t\u1ed1t trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (ester c\u1ee7a glycerol v\u00e0 axit b\u00e9o), s\u00e1p, sterol&#8230;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Ester:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec1m t\u1ea1o axit v\u00e0 ancol. Tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a (v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch ki\u1ec1m).<\/li>\n<li>V\u1eadt l\u00fd: Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m, \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tan t\u1ed1t trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Lipid:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tan trong dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 benzen, ether.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng hydro h\u00f3a, x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ester: CH\u2083COOC\u2082H\u2085 (etyl axetat) c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i.<\/li>\n<li>Lipid: Tristearin (C\u2085\u2087H\u2081\u2081\u2080O\u2086) l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o trong m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a t\u1ea1o x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 2: X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng: Mu\u1ed1i natri ho\u1eb7c kali c\u1ee7a axit b\u00e9o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m sunfonat (R-SO\u2083Na) thay v\u00ec nh\u00f3m cacboxylat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecdt, l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch nh\u1edd c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea7u \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc (hydrophilic) v\u00e0 \u0111u\u00f4i k\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc (hydrophobic).<\/li>\n<li>Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng (c\u00f3 ion Ca\u00b2\u207a, Mg\u00b2\u207a), t\u1ea1o c\u1eb7n, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o c\u1eb7n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda cao h\u01a1n x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng: Natri stearat (C\u2081\u2087H\u2083\u2085COONa), d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda: Natri dodecyl sunfonat, d\u00f9ng trong b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: Carbohydrate<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 3: Glucose v\u00e0 Fructose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Glucose (C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086): Monosaccharide, thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m aldose (c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m -CHO).<\/li>\n<li>Fructose (C\u2086H\u2081\u2082O\u2086): Monosaccharide, thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m ketose (c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m -C=O).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed, tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch AgNO\u2083\/NH\u2083 (ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng) ho\u1eb7c dung d\u1ecbch Cu(OH)\u2082 (t\u1ea1o k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecf g\u1ea1ch).<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00ean men r\u01b0\u1ee3u t\u1ea1o etanol v\u00e0 CO\u2082.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211;<strong> V\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong> Tan t\u1ed1t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt (fructose ng\u1ecdt h\u01a1n glucose).<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Glucose: C\u00f3 trong m\u1eadt ong, tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>Fructose: C\u00f3 trong tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, m\u1eadt ong, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ng\u1ecdt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 4: Saccharose v\u00e0 Maltose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saccharose (C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2082O\u2081\u2081): Disaccharide, t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucose v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed fructose qua li\u00ean k\u1ebft glycoside.<\/li>\n<li>Maltose (C\u2081\u2082H\u2082\u2082O\u2081\u2081): Disaccharide, t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb hai ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Saccharose:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o glucose v\u00e0 fructose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Maltose:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed, tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o hai ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Saccharose: C\u00f3 trong m\u00eda, c\u1ee7 c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n.<\/li>\n<li>Maltose: C\u00f3 trong m\u1ea1ch nha, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n tinh b\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 5: Tinh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 Cellulose<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tinh b\u1ed9t:<\/strong> Polysaccharide, g\u1ed3m amylose v\u00e0 amylopectin, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cellulose:<\/strong> Polysaccharide, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00e1ch t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed glucose li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03b2-1,4-glycoside.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tinh b\u1ed9t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o glucose, t\u1ea1o m\u00e0u xanh v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch iod.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u, siro).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Cellulose:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n b\u1edfi enzyme c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi vi sinh v\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f9ng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y, v\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Tinh b\u1ed9t:<\/strong> C\u00f3 trong g\u1ea1o, khoai, ng\u00f4, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cellulose:<\/strong> C\u00f3 trong g\u1ed7, b\u00f4ng, d\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5y, v\u1ea3i cotton.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nitrogen<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 6: Amine<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ch\u1ee9a nh\u00f3m -NH\u2082, d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a NH\u2083, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t R-NH\u2082 (amine b\u1eadc 1), R\u2082NH (b\u1eadc 2), R\u2083N (b\u1eadc 3).<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u00f3 t\u00ednh base y\u1ebfu, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi axit t\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<li>Amine th\u01a1m (nh\u01b0 aniline) tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf th\u01a1m v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch Br\u2082.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong> Amine \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c l\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i khai; amine th\u01a1m l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c r\u1eafn.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Metylamine (CH\u2083NH\u2082): D\u00f9ng trong t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/li>\n<li>Aniline (C\u2086H\u2085NH\u2082): D\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 7: Amino acid v\u00e0 Peptide<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amino acid:<\/strong> H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00f3m -NH\u2082 v\u00e0 -COOH, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t H\u2082N-CHR-COOH.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peptide:<\/strong> H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb li\u00ean k\u1ebft peptide (-CO-NH-) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c amino acid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Amino acid:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh: T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi axit v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1i, ester, ho\u1eb7c tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o peptide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Peptide:<\/strong> Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o amino acid, b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Amino acid: Glycin (H\u2082N-CH\u2082-COOH), d\u00f9ng trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<li>Peptide: Dipeptide (nh\u01b0 glyxylglycin), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o protein.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 8: Protein v\u00e0 Enzyme<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protein: \u0110\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ed7i polypeptide, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c amino acid.<\/li>\n<li>Enzyme: Protein c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh x\u00fac t\u00e1c sinh h\u1ecdc, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Protein:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n t\u1ea1o amino acid.<\/li>\n<li>Bi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh khi g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, axit, ki\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Enzyme:<\/strong> C\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n pH v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protein: Albumin trong l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li>Enzyme: Amylase trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt, x\u00fac t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y tinh b\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4: Polymer<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 9: \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Polymer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Polymer l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn, t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i (monomer) li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u1eadt l\u00fd: \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cao, kh\u00f3 tan, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ebbo ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: \u00cdt tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:\u00a0<\/strong>&#8211; Polyetilen (-CH\u2082-CH\u2082-)n: D\u00f9ng l\u00e0m t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a, \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 10: Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo: Polymer c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng sau khi ngu\u1ed9i.<\/li>\n<li>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb polymer v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9n (s\u1ee3i th\u1ee7y tinh, s\u1ee3i carbon&#8230;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo: D\u1ebbo dai, d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li>Composite: \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao, nh\u1eb9, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo: PVC (polyvinyl clorua), d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li>Composite: Nh\u1ef1a epoxy c\u1ed1t s\u1ee3i carbon, d\u00f9ng trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 11: T\u01a1 &#8211; Cao su &#8211; Keo d\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01a1: Polymer d\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3i d\u00e0i, dai, d\u00f9ng d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i.<\/li>\n<li>Cao su: Polymer \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng co gi\u00e3n t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<li>Keo d\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p: Polymer c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft d\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01a1: B\u1ec1n, dai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u01a1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (t\u01a1 t\u1eb1m) ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (nylon).<\/li>\n<li>Cao su: \u0110\u00e0n h\u1ed3i, b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u00e0i m\u00f2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n.<\/li>\n<li>Keo d\u00e1n: K\u1ebft d\u00ednh t\u1ed1t, b\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u01a1: Nylon-6,6, d\u00f9ng may qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o.<\/li>\n<li>Cao su: Cao su buna, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m l\u1ed1p xe.<\/li>\n<li>Keo d\u00e1n: Keo epoxy, d\u00f9ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5: Pin \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 12: Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c: Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ee9a ion c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, so v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c hydro chu\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<li>Ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (pin): Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng qua ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a &#8211; kh\u1eed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c: Quy \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a hydro l\u00e0 0 V. Kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u00e2m m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh.<\/li>\n<li>Pin: G\u1ed3m an\u1ed1t (oxit h\u00f3a) v\u00e0 cat\u1ed1t (kh\u1eed), t\u1ea1o d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong>\u00a0Pin Daniell: Zn|ZnSO\u2084||CuSO\u2084|Cu, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p kho\u1ea3ng 1,1 V.<\/p>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 13: \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a &#8211; kh\u1eed x\u1ea3y ra khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n li, l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n li.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cat\u1ed1t: X\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u1eed (nh\u1eadn e\u207b).<\/li>\n<li>An\u1ed1t: X\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a (m\u1ea5t e\u207b).<\/li>\n<li>Quy t\u1eafc: \u01afu ti\u00ean kh\u1eed\/oxi h\u00f3a ion c\u00f3 th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n dung d\u1ecbch NaCl: T\u1ea1o Cl\u2082 \u1edf an\u1ed1t, H\u2082 v\u00e0 NaOH \u1edf cat\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6: \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 14: \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Li\u00ean k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o kim lo\u1ea1i: G\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ion d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ebfp ch\u1eb7t trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, bao quanh b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y electron t\u1ef1 do.<\/li>\n<li>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ion d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 electron t\u1ef1 do.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u1eadt l\u00fd: D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 \u00e1nh kim, d\u1ebbo, d\u1ec5 gia c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: T\u00ednh kh\u1eed, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi phi kim, axit, dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong>\u00a0S\u1eaft (Fe): T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi HCl t\u1ea1o FeCl\u2082 v\u00e0 H\u2082.<\/p>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 15: C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebft t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n, th\u1ee7y luy\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec7n luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n: D\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u1eed (C, CO) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb oxit.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ee7y luy\u1ec7n: D\u00f9ng dung d\u1ecbch (NaCN, Hg) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec7n luy\u1ec7n: D\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kim lo\u1ea1i (nh\u01b0 Al t\u1eeb Al\u2082O\u2083).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8211; Nhi\u1ec7t luy\u1ec7n:<\/strong> T\u00e1ch Fe t\u1eeb Fe\u2082O\u2083 b\u1eb1ng CO trong l\u00f2 cao.<\/li>\n<li><strong>&#8211; \u0110i\u1ec7n luy\u1ec7n:<\/strong> S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Al t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng boxit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 16: H\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 \u0103n m\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p kim: H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c phi kim, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n kim lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li>\u0102n m\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh oxi h\u00f3a kim lo\u1ea1i do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (O\u2082, H\u2082O, axit&#8230;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p kim: B\u1ec1n, c\u1ee9ng, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kim lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li>\u0102n m\u00f2n: G\u1ed3m \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (do O\u2082, axit) v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a (do pin \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>H\u1ee3p kim: Th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 (Fe, Cr, Ni), d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m dao, k\u00e9o.<\/li>\n<li>\u0102n m\u00f2n: S\u1eaft b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1ea9m (Fe \u2192 Fe\u2082O\u2083\u00b7nH\u2082O).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7: Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m IA v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m IIA<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 17: Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m IA<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Nh\u00f3m IA (kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m) g\u1ed3m Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, c\u00f3 1 electron l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong> M\u1ec1m, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang th\u1ea5p, d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> T\u00ednh kh\u1eed m\u1ea1nh, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, oxi, phi kim, axit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Natri (Na): T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o NaOH v\u00e0 H\u2082.<\/li>\n<li>Kali (K): D\u00f9ng trong ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n (KCl).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 18: Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m IIA<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Nh\u00f3m IIA (kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m th\u1ed5) g\u1ed3m Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, c\u00f3 2 electron l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u1eadt l\u00fd: C\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m IA, d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: T\u00ednh kh\u1eed y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m IA, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc (tr\u1eeb Be), oxi, phi kim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Magie (Mg): T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi O\u2082 t\u1ea1o MgO.<\/li>\n<li>Canxi (Ca): D\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xi m\u0103ng (CaCO\u2083).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong> Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8: S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 d\u00e3y kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 19: \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp d\u00e3y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp d\u00e3y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), c\u00f3 electron l\u1edbp d ch\u01b0a b\u00e3o h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u1eadt l\u00fd: C\u1ee9ng, b\u1ec1n, d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<li>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0u, x\u00fac t\u00e1c t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>S\u1eaft (Fe): T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi HCl t\u1ea1o FeCl\u2082.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed3ng (Cu): T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi HNO\u2083 t\u1ea1o Cu(NO\u2083)\u2082.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong> B\u00e0i 20: S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ion kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trong dung d\u1ecbch<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t: H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a ion kim lo\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed qua li\u00ean k\u1ebft ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t: Ion kim lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed (NH\u2083, CN\u207b, Cl\u207b&#8230;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, b\u1ec1n trong dung d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed1i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed1i t\u1eed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>[Cu(NH\u2083)\u2084]\u00b2\u207a: Ph\u1ee9c m\u00e0u xanh lam, t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb Cu\u00b2\u207a v\u00e0 NH\u2083.<\/li>\n<li>[Fe(CN)\u2086]\u2074\u207b: Ph\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n, d\u00f9ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp 12 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p THPT. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n &#8230; <a title=\"L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (c\u1ea3 n\u0103m)\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/ly-thuyet-hoa-hoc-12-chan-troi-sang-tao\/\" aria-label=\"\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 Ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (c\u1ea3 n\u0103m)\">\u0110\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":548,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ly-thuyet"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=545"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":550,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/545\/revisions\/550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/548"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=545"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=545"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=545"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}