{"id":516,"date":"2025-07-24T07:52:01","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T07:52:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/?p=516"},"modified":"2025-07-24T08:43:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T08:43:29","slug":"kien-thuc-trong-tam-hoa-hoc-12-ket-noi-tri-thuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/giapsgk.com\/chuyen-de\/kien-thuc-trong-tam-hoa-hoc-12-ket-noi-tri-thuc\/","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m Ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc 12 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tri th\u1ee9c"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12 l\u00e0 n\u0103m h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho k\u1ef3 thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec3n sinh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tri th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/strong>, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 12<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp quan tr\u1ecdng theo t\u1eebng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG 1: ESTE \u2013 LIPID<\/strong><\/h2>\n

1. Este \u2013 Lipid<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a este:<\/strong> H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng RCOOR\u2019, trong \u0111\u00f3 R l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c axit (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 no, kh\u00f4ng no, th\u01a1m), R\u2019 l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u01b0\u1ee3u (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1ch h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1ch v\u00f2ng).<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed:<\/strong> L\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c r\u1eafn, nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00edt tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u00f9i th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 este c\u1ee7a axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1edbi ancol m\u1ea1ch ng\u1eafn). f<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u00a0Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng este h\u00f3a (thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch): $RCOOH + R’OH \\rightleftharpoons RCOOR’ + H_2O \\quad (x\u00fac t\u00e1c: H_2SO_4 \\, \u0111\u1eb7c)$<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit (thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch): $RCOOR’ + H_2O \\rightleftharpoons RCOOH + R’OH$<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n este trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m (kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch):$RCOOR’ + NaOH \\rightarrow RCOONa + R’OH$ \u2192 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Lipid: G\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o (trieste c\u1ee7a glyxerol v\u1edbi axit b\u00e9o), s\u00e1p, sterol, phospholipid…<\/p>\n

    Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u00f3a lipid: $C_3H_5(OOCR)_3 + 3NaOH \\rightarrow C_3H_5(OH)_3 + 3RCOONa$<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    2. X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/strong><\/h3>\n
      \n
    • X\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng:<\/strong> Mu\u1ed1i natri ho\u1eb7c kali c\u1ee7a axit b\u00e9o.<\/li>\n
    • Ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eb7t r\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c axit b\u00e9o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n
    • C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o mixen c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap cu\u1ed1n tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      CH\u01af\u01a0NG 2: CARBOHYDRATE<\/strong><\/h2>\n

      1. Glucose v\u00e0 Fructose<\/strong><\/h3>\n

      Glucose:<\/strong> C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub> \u2013 Hexit, c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m andehit v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m OH.<\/p>\n

      T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c: $C_6H_{12}O_6 + 2AgNO_3 + 3NH_3 + H_2O \\rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_7 + 2Ag + 2NH_4NO_3$<\/li>\n
      • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Cu(OH)2<\/sub>(m\u00e0u xanh lam): $C_6H_{12}O_6 + Cu(OH)_2 \\rightarrow dung \\ d\u1ecbch \\ xanh \\ lam$<\/li>\n
      • Fructose: C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub> Hexit c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ceton, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh glucose n\u00ean c\u0169ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        2. Saccarose v\u00e0 Maltose<\/strong><\/h3>\n
          \n
        • Saccarose ( C6<\/sub>H12<\/sub>O6<\/sub>)<\/strong>: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c kh\u1eed \u2192 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1ng b\u1ea1c.<\/li>\n
        • Maltose:<\/strong> C\u00f3 nh\u00f3m hemiacetal \u2192 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u1eed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          3. Tinh b\u1ed9t v\u00e0 Xenluloz\u01a1<\/strong><\/h3>\n
            \n
          • Tinh b\u1ed9t<\/strong>: (C6<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O5<\/sub>)n \u2013 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u03b1-glucose, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed d\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
          • Xenluloz\u01a1<\/strong>: (C6<\/sub>H10<\/sub>O5<\/sub>)n \u2013 t\u1eeb \u03b2-glucose, li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u03b2-1,4-glycosid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n b\u1edfi H+:<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            CH\u01af\u01a0NG 3: H\u1ee2P CH\u1ea4T CH\u1ee8A NIT\u01a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            1. Amin<\/strong><\/h3>\n
              \n
            • C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung<\/strong>: $R\u2013NH\\_2$ (amin b\u1eadc I), $R\\_2NH$ (b\u1eadc II), $R\\_3N$ (b\u1eadc III).<\/li>\n
            • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi axit<\/strong>: $CH_3NH_2 + HCl \\rightarrow CH_3NH_3Cl$<\/li>\n
            • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi $HNO\\_2$: $C_2H_5NH_2 + HNO_2 \\rightarrow C_2H_5OH + N_2 + H_2O$<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              2. Amino axit v\u00e0 Peptit<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                \n
              • Amino axit:<\/strong> R\u2013CH(NH2<\/sub>)\u2013COOH, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
              • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi axit:\u00a0<\/strong>$H_2NCH_2COOH + HCl \\rightarrow Cl^- + [H_3N^+CH_2COOH]$<\/li>\n
              • Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft peptit:<\/strong>\u00a0$H_2N\u2013R_1\u2013COOH + H_2N\u2013R_2\u2013COOH \\rightarrow H_2N\u2013R_1\u2013CO\u2013NH\u2013R_2\u2013COOH + H_2O$<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                3. Protein v\u00e0 enzyme<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                Protein:<\/strong> Polypeptit c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

                Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \"\"<\/p>\n

                CH\u01af\u01a0NG 4: POLYMER<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                1. \u0110\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 polymer<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong> Polymer l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cao ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eaft x\u00edch monomer li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

                Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                Theo ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c:<\/strong> t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (cellulose, protein), t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (PE, PVC\u2026)<\/em><\/p>\n

                Theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/strong> tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 tr\u00f9ng ng\u01b0ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p etilen:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \"\"<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p vinyl clorua:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \"\"<\/p>\n

                    Tr\u00f9ng ng\u01b0ng hexametylendiamin v\u00e0 axit adipic: \"\"<\/p>\n

                    2. V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u polymer<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, bao b\u00ec, s\u1ee3i, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, keo d\u00e1n\u2026<\/p>\n

                    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t:<\/strong> nh\u1eb9, b\u1ec1n, c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y sinh h\u1ecdc (g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n

                    CH\u01af\u01a0NG 5: \u0110\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec0 KIM LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                    1. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed kim lo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • Kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/li>\n
                    • C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 kim lo\u1ea1i: ion d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 “m\u00e2y” electron t\u1ef1 do.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      2. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                      T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed:<\/strong> D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, d\u1ebbo, \u00e1nh kim.<\/p>\n

                      T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi phi kim: <\/strong>$2Na + Cl_2 \\rightarrow 2NaCl$<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi axit (HCl, H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng):<\/strong> $Fe + 2HCl \\rightarrow FeCl_2 + H_2\\uparrow$<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i:<\/strong> $Cu + 2AgNO_3 \\rightarrow Cu(NO_3)_2 + 2Ag$<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        3. D\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        • S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1eed gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
                        • Kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kim lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n ra kh\u1ecfi dung d\u1ecbch mu\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          4. H\u1ee3p kim<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          • L\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi phi kim.<\/li>\n
                          • T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n kim lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ea5p…<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            5. \u0102n m\u00f2n kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            • \u0102n m\u00f2n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> Do ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a \u2013 kh\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng electron.<\/li>\n
                            • \u0102n m\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a:<\/strong> C\u00f3 d\u00f2ng electron ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c \u00e2m \u2192 c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh pin \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
                            • C\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kim lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7, m\u1ea1, d\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n m\u00f2n…<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              6. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                              T\u1eeb oxit:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • D\u00f9ng CO ho\u1eb7c H2 kh\u1eed: $Fe_2O_3 + 3CO \\rightarrow 2Fe + 3CO_2$<\/li>\n
                              • \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                \"\"<\/p>\n

                                T\u1eeb mu\u1ed1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n dung d\u1ecbch:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  \"\"<\/p>\n

                                  CH\u01af\u01a0NG 6. \u0110\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec0 KIM LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                  1. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong tinh th\u1ec3 kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  • C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o: C\u00e1c ion kim lo\u1ea1i x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c electron h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u2013 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00ed electron t\u1ef1 do\u201d.<\/li>\n
                                  • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft kim lo\u1ea1i: L\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ion d\u01b0\u01a1ng kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi “bi\u1ec3n electron”, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n, d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    2. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n

                                    T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed:<\/strong><\/p>\n